Westcott & Hort GNT - Literal Translation

Καὶ ἦλθεν εἷς ἐκ τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀγγέλων τῶν ἐχόντων τὰς ἑπτὰ φιάλας, καὶ ἐλάλησεν μετ' ἐμοῦ λέγων Δεῦρο, δείξω σοι τὸ κρίμα τῆς πόρνης τῆς μεγάλης τῆς καθημένης ἐπὶ ὑδάτων πολλῶν,
And it-had-came, one out of-the-ones of-seven of-messengers of-the-ones of-holding to-the-ones to-seven to-bowls, and it-spoke-unto with of-ME forthing, Hitherto I-shall-show unto-thee to-the-one to-a-separating-to of-the-one of-a-harlot of-the-one of-great of-the-one of-sitting-down upon of-waters of-much,

 17:1 Καὶ "And" ἦλθεν "it-had-came," εἷς "one" ἐκ "out" τῶν "of-the-ones" ἑπτὰ "of-seven" ἀγγέλων "of-messengers" τῶν "of-the-ones" ἐχόντων "of-holding" τὰς "to-the-ones" ἑπτὰ "to-seven" φιάλας, "to-bowls," καὶ "and" ἐλάλησεν "it-spoke-unto" μετ' "with" ἐμοῦ "of-ME" λέγων "forthing," Δεῦρο, "Hitherto" δείξω "I-shall-show" σοι "unto-thee" τὸ "to-the-one" κρίμα "to-a-separating-to" τῆς "of-the-one" πόρνης "of-a-harlot" τῆς "of-the-one" μεγάλης "of-great" τῆς "of-the-one" καθημένης "of-sitting-down" ἐπὶ "upon" ὑδάτων "of-waters" πολλῶν, "of-much,"

μεθ' ἧς ἐπόρνευσαν οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς, καὶ ἐμεθύσθησαν οἱ κατοικοῦντες τὴν γῆν ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς.
with of-which they-harloted-of, the-ones rulers-of of-the-one of-a-soil, and they-were-intoxicated, the-ones housing-down-unto to-the-one to-a-soil, out of-the-one of-a-wine of-the-one of-a-harloting-of of-it.

 17:2 μεθ' "with" ἧς "of-which" ἐπόρνευσαν "they-harloted-of," οἱ "the-ones" βασιλεῖς "rulers-of" τῆς "of-the-one" γῆς, "of-a-soil," καὶ "and" ἐμεθύσθησαν "they-were-intoxicated," οἱ "the-ones" κατοικοῦντες "housing-down-unto" τὴν "to-the-one" γῆν "to-a-soil," ἐκ "out" τοῦ "of-the-one" οἴνου "of-a-wine" τῆς "of-the-one" πορνείας "of-a-harloting-of" αὐτῆς. "of-it."

καὶ ἀπήνεγκέν με εἰς ἔρημον ἐν πνεύματι. καὶ εἶδον γυναῖκα καθημένην ἐπὶ θηρίον κόκκινον, γέμοντα ὀνόματα βλασφημίας, ἔχων κεφαλὰς ἑπτὰ καὶ κέρατα δέκα:
And it-beared-off to-me into to-solituded in unto-a-currenting-to. And I-had-seen to-a-woman to-sitting-down upon to-a-beastlet to-kerneled-belonged-to, to-saturating to-names of-a-harmful-declaring-unto, holding to-heads to-seven and to-horns to-ten;

 17:3 καὶ "And" ἀπήνεγκέν "it-beared-off" με "to-me" εἰς "into" ἔρημον "to-solituded" ἐν "in" πνεύματι. "unto-a-currenting-to." καὶ "And" εἶδον "I-had-seen" γυναῖκα "to-a-woman" καθημένην "to-sitting-down" ἐπὶ "upon" θηρίον "to-a-beastlet" κόκκινον, "to-kerneled-belonged-to," γέμοντα "to-saturating" ὀνόματα "to-names" βλασφημίας, "of-a-harmful-declaring-unto," ἔχων "holding" κεφαλὰς "to-heads" ἑπτὰ "to-seven" καὶ "and" κέρατα "to-horns" δέκα: "to-ten;"

καὶ ἡ γυνὴ ἦν περιβεβλημένη πορφυροῦν καὶ κόκκινον, καὶ κεχρυσωμένη χρυσίῳ καὶ λίθῳ τιμίῳ καὶ μαργαρίταις, ἔχουσα ποτήριον χρυσοῦν ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτῆς γέμον βδελυγμάτων καὶ τὰ ἀκάθαρτα τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς,
and the-one a-woman it-was having-had-come-to-be-casted-about to-purpled and to-kerneled-belonged-to, and having-had-come-to-be-en-goldened unto-a-goldlet and unto-a-stone unto-value-belonged and unto-oyster-belongnesses, holding to-a-drinkerlet to-golden in unto-the-one unto-a-hand of-it to-saturating of-abhorrings-to and to-the-ones to-un-cleansable of-the-one of-a-harloting-of of-it,

 17:4 καὶ "and" ἡ "the-one" γυνὴ "a-woman" ἦν "it-was" περιβεβλημένη "having-had-come-to-be-casted-about" πορφυροῦν "to-purpled" καὶ "and" κόκκινον, "to-kerneled-belonged-to," καὶ "and" κεχρυσωμένη "having-had-come-to-be-en-goldened" χρυσίῳ "unto-a-goldlet" καὶ "and" λίθῳ "unto-a-stone" τιμίῳ "unto-value-belonged" καὶ "and" μαργαρίταις, "unto-oyster-belongnesses," ἔχουσα "holding" ποτήριον "to-a-drinkerlet" χρυσοῦν "to-golden" ἐν "in" τῇ "unto-the-one" χειρὶ "unto-a-hand" αὐτῆς "of-it" γέμον "to-saturating" βδελυγμάτων "of-abhorrings-to" καὶ "and" τὰ "to-the-ones" ἀκάθαρτα "to-un-cleansable" τῆς "of-the-one" πορνείας "of-a-harloting-of" αὐτῆς, "of-it,"

καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ μέτωπον αὐτῆς ὄνομα γεγραμμένον, μυστήριον, ΒΑΒΥΛΩΝ Η ΜΕΓΑΛΗ, Η ΜΗΤΗΡ ΤΩΝ ΠΟΡΝΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΩΝ ΒΔΕΛΥΓΜΑΤΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΓΗΣ.
and upon to-the-one to-looked-with of-it a-name having-had-come-to-be-scribed, a-flexerlet, A-Babulon the-one great, the-one a-mother of-the-ones of-harlots and of-the-ones of-abhorrings-to of-the-one of-a-soil.

 17:5 καὶ "and" ἐπὶ "upon" τὸ "to-the-one" μέτωπον "to-looked-with" αὐτῆς "of-it" ὄνομα "a-name" γεγραμμένον, "having-had-come-to-be-scribed," μυστήριον, "a-flexerlet," ΒΑΒΥΛΩΝ "A-Babulon" Η "the-one" ΜΕΓΑΛΗ, "great," Η "the-one" ΜΗΤΗΡ "a-mother" ΤΩΝ "of-the-ones" ΠΟΡΝΩΝ "of-harlots" ΚΑΙ "and" ΤΩΝ "of-the-ones" ΒΔΕΛΥΓΜΑΤΩΝ "of-abhorrings-to" ΤΗΣ "of-the-one" ΓΗΣ. "of-a-soil."

καὶ εἶδον τὴν γυναῖκα μεθύουσαν ἐκ τοῦ αἵματος τῶν ἁγίων καὶ ἐκ τοῦ αἵματος τῶν μαρτύρων Ἰησοῦ. Καὶ ἐθαύμασα ἰδὼν αὐτὴν θαῦμα μέγα:
And I-had-seen to-the-one to-a-woman to-intoxicating out of-the-one of-a-blood of-the-ones of-hallow-belonged and out of-the-one of-a-blood of-the-ones of-witnesses of-an-Iesous, and I-marvelled-to having-had-seen to-it to-a-marvel to-great;

 17:6 καὶ "And" εἶδον "I-had-seen" τὴν "to-the-one" γυναῖκα "to-a-woman" μεθύουσαν "to-intoxicating" ἐκ "out" τοῦ "of-the-one" αἵματος "of-a-blood" τῶν "of-the-ones" ἁγίων "of-hallow-belonged" καὶ "and" ἐκ "out" τοῦ "of-the-one" αἵματος "of-a-blood" τῶν "of-the-ones" μαρτύρων "of-witnesses" Ἰησοῦ. "of-an-Iesous," Καὶ "and" ἐθαύμασα "I-marvelled-to" ἰδὼν "having-had-seen" αὐτὴν "to-it" θαῦμα "to-a-marvel" μέγα: "to-great;"

καὶ εἶπέν μοι ὁ ἄγγελος Διὰ τί ἐθαύμασας; ἐγὼ ἐρῶ σοι τὸ μυστήριον τῆς γυναικὸς καὶ τοῦ θηρίου τοῦ βαστάζοντος αὐτήν, τοῦ ἔχοντος τὰς ἑπτὰ κεφαλὰς καὶ τὰ δέκα κέρατα.
and it-had-said unto-me, the-one a-messenger, Through to-what-one thou-marvelled-to? I I-shall-utter unto-thee to-the-one to-a-flexerlet of-the-one of-a-woman and of-the-one of-a-beastlet of-the-one of-carrying-to to-it, of-the-one of-holding to-the-ones to-seven to-heads and to-the-ones to-ten to-horns.

 17:7 καὶ "and" εἶπέν "it-had-said" μοι "unto-me," ὁ "the-one" ἄγγελος "a-messenger," Διὰ "Through" τί "to-what-one" ἐθαύμασας; "thou-marvelled-to?" ἐγὼ "I" ἐρῶ "I-shall-utter" σοι "unto-thee" τὸ "to-the-one" μυστήριον "to-a-flexerlet" τῆς "of-the-one" γυναικὸς "of-a-woman" καὶ "and" τοῦ "of-the-one" θηρίου "of-a-beastlet" τοῦ "of-the-one" βαστάζοντος "of-carrying-to" αὐτήν, "to-it," τοῦ "of-the-one" ἔχοντος "of-holding" τὰς "to-the-ones" ἑπτὰ "to-seven" κεφαλὰς "to-heads" καὶ "and" τὰ "to-the-ones" δέκα "to-ten" κέρατα. "to-horns."

τὸ θηρίον ὃ εἶδες ἦν καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν, καὶ μέλλει ἀναβαίνειν ἐκ τῆς ἀβύσσου, καὶ εἰς ἀπώλειαν ὑπάγει: καὶ θαυμασθήσονται οἱ κατοικοῦντες ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, ὧν οὐ γέγραπται τὸ ὄνομα ἐπὶ τὸ βιβλίον τῆς ζωῆς ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου, βλεπόντων τὸ θηρίον ὄτι ἦν καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν καὶ πάρεσται.
The-one a-beastlet which thou-had-seen it-was and not it-be, and it-impendeth to-step-up out of-the-one of-depthed-along, and into to-a-destructing-off-of it-leadeth-under, and they-shall-be-marvelled-to the-ones housing-down-unto upon of-the-one of-a-soil, of-which not it-had-come-to-be-scribed the-one a-name upon to-the-one to-a-paperlet of-the-one of-a-lifing off of-a-casting-down of-a-configuration, of-viewing to-the-one to-a-beastlet to-which-a-one it-was and not it-be and it-shall-be-beside.

 17:8 τὸ "The-one" θηρίον "a-beastlet" ὃ "which" εἶδες "thou-had-seen" ἦν "it-was" καὶ "and" οὐκ "not" ἔστιν, "it-be," καὶ "and" μέλλει "it-impendeth" ἀναβαίνειν "to-step-up" ἐκ "out" τῆς "of-the-one" ἀβύσσου, "of-depthed-along," καὶ "and" εἰς "into" ἀπώλειαν "to-a-destructing-off-of" ὑπάγει: "it-leadeth-under," καὶ "and" θαυμασθήσονται "they-shall-be-marvelled-to" οἱ "the-ones" κατοικοῦντες "housing-down-unto" ἐπὶ "upon" τῆς "of-the-one" γῆς, "of-a-soil," ὧν "of-which" οὐ "not" γέγραπται "it-had-come-to-be-scribed" τὸ "the-one" ὄνομα "a-name" ἐπὶ "upon" τὸ "to-the-one" βιβλίον "to-a-paperlet" τῆς "of-the-one" ζωῆς "of-a-lifing" ἀπὸ "off" καταβολῆς "of-a-casting-down" κόσμου, "of-a-configuration," βλεπόντων "of-viewing" τὸ "to-the-one" θηρίον "to-a-beastlet" ὄτι "to-which-a-one" ἦν "it-was" καὶ "and" οὐκ "not" ἔστιν "it-be" καὶ "and" πάρεσται. "it-shall-be-beside."

Ὧδε ὁ νοῦς ὁ ἔχων σοφίαν. αἱ ἑπτὰ κεφαλαὶ ἑπτὰ ὄρη εἰσίν, ὅπου ἡ γυνὴ κάθηται ἐπ' αὐτῶν.
Unto-which-moreover the-one a-mind the-one holding to-a-wisdoming-unto. The-ones seven heads, seven juts they-be, to-which-of-whither the-one a-woman it-sitteth-down upon of-them.

 17:9 Ὧδε "Unto-which-moreover" ὁ "the-one" νοῦς "a-mind" ὁ "the-one" ἔχων "holding" σοφίαν. "to-a-wisdoming-unto." αἱ "The-ones" ἑπτὰ "seven" κεφαλαὶ "heads," ἑπτὰ "seven" ὄρη "juts" εἰσίν, "they-be," ὅπου "to-which-of-whither" ἡ "the-one" γυνὴ "a-woman" κάθηται "it-sitteth-down" ἐπ' "upon" αὐτῶν. "of-them."

καὶ βασιλεῖς ἑπτά εἰσιν: οἱ πέντε ἔπεσαν, ὁ εἷς ἔστιν, ὁ ἄλλος οὔπω ἦλθεν, καὶ ὅταν ἔλθῃ ὀλίγον αὐτὸν δεῖ μεῖναι,
And rulers-of seven they-be; the-ones five they-fell, the-one one it-be, the-one other not-unto-whither it-had-came, and which-also-ever it-might-have-had-came, to-little to-it it-bindeth to-have-stayed,

 17:10 καὶ "And" βασιλεῖς "rulers-of" ἑπτά "seven" εἰσιν: "they-be;" οἱ "the-ones" πέντε "five" ἔπεσαν, "they-fell," ὁ "the-one" εἷς "one" ἔστιν, "it-be," ὁ "the-one" ἄλλος "other" οὔπω "not-unto-whither" ἦλθεν, "it-had-came," καὶ "and" ὅταν "which-also-ever" ἔλθῃ "it-might-have-had-came," ὀλίγον "to-little" αὐτὸν "to-it" δεῖ "it-bindeth" μεῖναι, "to-have-stayed,"

καὶ τὸ θηρίον ὃ ἦν καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν. καὶ αὐτὸς ὄγδοός ἐστιν καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἑπτά ἐστιν, καὶ εἰς ἀπώλειαν ὑπάγει.
and the-one a-beastlet which it-was and not it-be. And it eighth it-be and out of-the-ones of-seven it-be, and into to-a-destructing-off-of it-leadeth-under.

 17:11 καὶ "and" τὸ "the-one" θηρίον "a-beastlet" ὃ "which" ἦν "it-was" καὶ "and" οὐκ "not" ἔστιν. "it-be." καὶ "And" αὐτὸς "it" ὄγδοός "eighth" ἐστιν "it-be" καὶ "and" ἐκ "out" τῶν "of-the-ones" ἑπτά "of-seven" ἐστιν, "it-be," καὶ "and" εἰς "into" ἀπώλειαν "to-a-destructing-off-of" ὑπάγει. "it-leadeth-under."

καὶ τὰ δέκα κέρατα ἃ εἶδες δέκα βασιλεῖς εἰσίν, οἵτινες βασιλείαν οὔπω ἔλαβον, ἀλλὰ ἐξουσίαν ὡς βασιλεῖς μίαν ὥραν λαμβάνουσιν μετὰ τοῦ θηρίου.
And the-ones ten horns to-which thou-had-seen, ten rulers-of they-be, which-ones to-a-ruling-of not-unto-whither they-had-taken, other to-a-being-out-unto as rulers-of to-one to-an-hour they-take with of-the-one of-a-beastlet.

 17:12 καὶ "And" τὰ "the-ones" δέκα "ten" κέρατα "horns" ἃ "to-which" εἶδες "thou-had-seen," δέκα "ten" βασιλεῖς "rulers-of" εἰσίν, "they-be," οἵτινες "which-ones" βασιλείαν "to-a-ruling-of" οὔπω "not-unto-whither" ἔλαβον, "they-had-taken," ἀλλὰ "other" ἐξουσίαν "to-a-being-out-unto" ὡς "as" βασιλεῖς "rulers-of" μίαν "to-one" ὥραν "to-an-hour" λαμβάνουσιν "they-take" μετὰ "with" τοῦ "of-the-one" θηρίου. "of-a-beastlet."

οὗτοι μίαν γνώμην ἔχουσιν, καὶ τὴν δύναμιν καὶ ἐξουσίαν αὐτῶν τῷ θηρίῳ διδόασιν.
The-ones-these to-one to-an-acquaintance they-hold, and to-the-one to-an-ability and to-a-being-out-unto of-them unto-the-one unto-a-beastlet they-give.

 17:13 οὗτοι "The-ones-these" μίαν "to-one" γνώμην "to-an-acquaintance" ἔχουσιν, "they-hold," καὶ "and" τὴν "to-the-one" δύναμιν "to-an-ability" καὶ "and" ἐξουσίαν "to-a-being-out-unto" αὐτῶν "of-them" τῷ "unto-the-one" θηρίῳ "unto-a-beastlet" διδόασιν. "they-give."

οὗτοι μετὰ τοῦ ἀρνίου πολεμήσουσιν, καὶ τὸ ἀρνίον νικήσει αὐτούς, ὅτι κύριος κυρίων ἐστὶν καὶ βασιλεὺς βασιλέων, καὶ οἱ μετ' αὐτοῦ κλητοὶ καὶ ἐκλεκτοὶ καὶ πιστοί.
The-ones-these with of-the-one of-a-Lamblet they-shall-war-unto, and the-one a-Lamblet it-shall-conquer-unto to-them, to-which-a-one Authority-belonged of-authority-belonged it-be and a-Ruler-of of-rulers-of, and the-ones with of-it called and forthed-out and trusted.

 17:14 οὗτοι "The-ones-these" μετὰ "with" τοῦ "of-the-one" ἀρνίου "of-a-Lamblet" πολεμήσουσιν, "they-shall-war-unto," καὶ "and" τὸ "the-one" ἀρνίον "a-Lamblet" νικήσει "it-shall-conquer-unto" αὐτούς, "to-them," ὅτι "to-which-a-one" κύριος "Authority-belonged" κυρίων "of-authority-belonged" ἐστὶν "it-be" καὶ "and" βασιλεὺς "a-Ruler-of" βασιλέων, "of-rulers-of," καὶ "and" οἱ "the-ones" μετ' "with" αὐτοῦ "of-it" κλητοὶ "called" καὶ "and" ἐκλεκτοὶ "forthed-out" καὶ "and" πιστοί. "trusted."

Καὶ λέγει μοι Τὰ ὕδατα ἃ εἶδες, οὗ ἡ πόρνη κάθηται, λαοὶ καὶ ὄχλοι εἰσὶν καὶ ἔθνη καὶ γλῶσσαι.
And it-fortheth unto-me, The-ones waters to-which thou-had-seen, of-which the-one a-harlot it-sitteth-down, peoples and crowds they-be and nations and tongues.

 17:15 Καὶ "And" λέγει "it-fortheth" μοι "unto-me," Τὰ "The-ones" ὕδατα "waters" ἃ "to-which" εἶδες, "thou-had-seen," οὗ "of-which" ἡ "the-one" πόρνη "a-harlot" κάθηται, "it-sitteth-down," λαοὶ "peoples" καὶ "and" ὄχλοι "crowds" εἰσὶν "they-be" καὶ "and" ἔθνη "nations" καὶ "and" γλῶσσαι. "tongues."

καὶ τὰ δέκα κέρατα ἃ εἶδες καὶ τὸ θηρίον, οὗτοι μισήσουσι τὴν πόρνην, καὶ ἠρημωμένην ποιήσουσιν αὐτὴν καὶ γυμνήν, καὶ τὰς σάρκας αὐτῆς φάγονται, καὶ αὐτὴν κατακαύσουσιν [ἐν] πυρί:
And the-ones ten horns to-which thou-had-seen and the-one a-beastlet, the-ones-these they-shall-hate-unto to-the-one to-a-harlot, and to-having-had-come-to-be-en-solituded they-shall-do-unto to-it and to-stripped, and to-the-ones to-fleshes of-it they-shall-devour, and to-it they-shall-burn-down [in] unto-a-fire;

 17:16 καὶ "And" τὰ "the-ones" δέκα "ten" κέρατα "horns" ἃ "to-which" εἶδες "thou-had-seen" καὶ "and" τὸ "the-one" θηρίον, "a-beastlet," οὗτοι "the-ones-these" μισήσουσι "they-shall-hate-unto" τὴν "to-the-one" πόρνην, "to-a-harlot," καὶ "and" ἠρημωμένην "to-having-had-come-to-be-en-solituded" ποιήσουσιν "they-shall-do-unto" αὐτὴν "to-it" καὶ "and" γυμνήν, "to-stripped," καὶ "and" τὰς "to-the-ones" σάρκας "to-fleshes" αὐτῆς "of-it" φάγονται, "they-shall-devour," καὶ "and" αὐτὴν "to-it" κατακαύσουσιν "they-shall-burn-down" [ἐν] "[in]" πυρί: "unto-a-fire;"

ὁ γὰρ θεὸς ἔδωκεν εἰς τὰς καρδίας αὐτῶν ποιῆσαι τὴν γνώμην αὐτοῦ, καὶ ποιῆσαι μίαν γνώμην καὶ δοῦναι τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτῶν τῷ θηρίῳ, ἄχρι τελεσθήσονται οἱ λόγοι τοῦ θεοῦ.
the-one therefore a-Deity it-gave into to-the-ones to-hearts of-them to-have-done-unto to-the-one to-an-acquaintance of-it, and to-have-done-unto to-one to-an-acquaintance and to-have-had-given to-the-one to-a-ruling-of of-them unto-the-one unto-a-beastlet unto-whilst they-shall-be-finished-unto the-ones forthees of-the-one of-a-Deity.

 17:17 ὁ "the-one" γὰρ "therefore" θεὸς "a-Deity" ἔδωκεν "it-gave" εἰς "into" τὰς "to-the-ones" καρδίας "to-hearts" αὐτῶν "of-them" ποιῆσαι "to-have-done-unto" τὴν "to-the-one" γνώμην "to-an-acquaintance" αὐτοῦ, "of-it," καὶ "and" ποιῆσαι "to-have-done-unto" μίαν "to-one" γνώμην "to-an-acquaintance" καὶ "and" δοῦναι "to-have-had-given" τὴν "to-the-one" βασιλείαν "to-a-ruling-of" αὐτῶν "of-them" τῷ "unto-the-one" θηρίῳ, "unto-a-beastlet" ἄχρι "unto-whilst" τελεσθήσονται "they-shall-be-finished-unto" οἱ "the-ones" λόγοι "forthees" τοῦ "of-the-one" θεοῦ. "of-a-Deity."

καὶ ἡ γυνὴ ἣν εἶδες ἔστιν ἡ πόλις ἡ μεγάλη ἡ ἔχουσα βασιλείαν ἐπὶ τῶν βασιλέων τῆς γῆς.
And the-one a-woman to-which thou-had-seen it-be the-one a-city the-one great the-one holding to-a-ruling-of upon of-the-ones of-rulers-of of-the-one of-a-soil.

 17:18 καὶ "And" ἡ "the-one" γυνὴ "a-woman" ἣν "to-which" εἶδες "thou-had-seen" ἔστιν "it-be" ἡ "the-one" πόλις "a-city" ἡ "the-one" μεγάλη "great" ἡ "the-one" ἔχουσα "holding" βασιλείαν "to-a-ruling-of" ἐπὶ "upon" τῶν "of-the-ones" βασιλέων "of-rulers-of" τῆς "of-the-one" γῆς. "of-a-soil."